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LENDING IN THE ABRAHAMIC FAITHS The Prohibition of RIBA / RIBBIT in Judaism, Catholicism, Protestant Christianity, and Islam By: Dr. Yahia Abdul-Rahman YARAHMAN@LARIBA.com; YARAHMAN@MSN.com +1-626-818-0855 and +1-626-255-2181 Founder of The LARIBA System LARIBA – American Finance House (1987) Bank of Whittier, NA (2003 / 1982) LARIBA Egypt (2004) www.LARIBA.com; www.WhittierBank.com; www.LARIBA.com.eg ISNA Canada – May 17 - 18, 2007

Research Contributors Prof. Rabbi Wolf University of Judaism, Los Angeles, California Rabbi Yosef Kanefsky N. Hollywood Temple 8906 Pico Ave, L.A., CA Prof. John Goldingay Prof. of Old & New Testament, Fuller Seminary, Pasadena, California Prof. Christopher Kaczor Department of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California Dr. Yahia Abdul-Rahman LARIBA, Pasadena, California

CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY 1. Riba, which is Prohibited by The Islamic Faith, has also been Prohibited in:  Judaism – in the Torah, and  Christianity – in the Bible. 2. The Strict Codes of Prohibition were Relaxed to a Lesser Extent in Judaism Especially with the non-Members of the Jewish Community. 3. The Church – First the Protestant (John Calvin) and then the Catholic (St. Thomas Aquinas) Conformed Itself To The Secular Pattern And Provided A Theological Rationale For Charging Interest.

CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY Islamic Jurisprudence – Shari’aa  - Still Holds to The Original Position Of Prohibiting the Act of Renting the Use of Money at a Price called Ribbit in Judaism, Usury in Catholicism and Riba in Islam. It Applies to ALL. The ONLY Loan is a Qard Hassan – No Interest. Money is a Thing and One Cannot Charge for the Use of Money. A Tangible Asset Has to Change Hands in Order to Participate in The Rewards or The Loss. There are Efforts within the Islamic Finance Movement to use “Heyal” or Ruses & Deceptive Practices to Circumvent  the Shari’aa Exactly as was Done in other Abrahamic Faiths.

"Riba-Free Financial Services Industry..." Riba-Free Financial Services Industry Presents the Emerging Muslims of North America with An Historic Opportunity to Work Together with Judeo-Christian N. America in order to Forge Ahead Towards Building a Judeo-Christian-Islamic America that Offers ALL People of All Faiths A New Riba-Free Life Style.

Foundation of The Economic System in Islam THREE PILLARS: Money & Investments, Inheritance & Alms Money, Investments and Dealings: Money: Is A Measuring Device – A Thing – It cannot be Rented Out At A Price Called INTEREST RIBA, meaning Renting Money at a Price Called Interest, is Prohibited. Buying and Selling must involve a REAL property and the Change of Title is Conditional on the absence of GHARAR or deception. Price should be MARKED-TO-THE MARKET.

The Prohibition of Riba (and Gharar - Deception) in Islam Sources: The Qur’aan & Tradition of Prophet Muhammad. Positions of Islamic Sources Are Strikingly Not Much Different From the Original Sources in The Torah (Old Testament) Examples From The Holy Qur’aan: Chap 2,3,4 & 30 وَأَخْذِهِمُ الرِّبَا وَقَدْ نُهُواْ عَنْه يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ لاَ تَأْكُلُواْ الرِّبَا أَضْعَافًا مُّضَاعَفَةً وَاتَّقُواْ اللّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُون الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ الرِّبَا لاَ يَقُومُونَ إِلاَّ كَمَا يَقُومُ الَّذِي يَتَخَبَّطُهُ الشَّيْطَانُ مِنَ الْمَس وَأَحَلَّ اللّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا بِأَنَّهُمْ قَالُواْ : إِنَّمَا الْبَيْعُ مِثْلُ الرِّبَا ، وَإِن تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُؤُوسُ أَمْوَالِكُمْ لاَ تَظْلِمُونَ وَلاَ تُظْلَمُون وَإِن كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلَى مَيْسَرَة ٍ فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُوا ، فَأْذَنُواْ بِحَرْبٍ مِّنَ اللّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ ،

FACTS & WORDS The Christian Bible Comprises: The Jewish Scriptures, which Christians traditionally refer to as the Old Testament, and Then some writings that come from the period of Jesus and just afterwards, referred to as the New Testament: Mathew Mark Luke John

FACTS & WORDS LOANS & LENDING Qur’aanic Language (Arabic): “Quard” is derived from the verb “To Bite.” To Prevent the Implied bite of Interest the ONLY Loan in Islam is “Quard Hassan” or “Good Loan” without Interest. Torah Language (Hebrew): “Neshek”, “Neshah” meaning to lend in Hebrew and “Noshem” meaning Lenders – Used For Lending in General to the General Public. “Lawah” Used for Lending to Friends & Family Members NOT Commercial (Focused on By Protestants)

FACTS & WORDS THE PEOPLE OF THE FAITH: Qur’aanic Language (Arabic): “Ummah” is the People of the Muslim Faith. In ALL Islamic Teachings THERE NO SUPERIORITY over other Nations Except through “Taqwa”; i.e. Revering God-Allah and Following His Scriptures & The Model of All God’s Prophets As Manifested by The Life Style of Prophet Muhammad (s). God-Allah Does NOT Differentiate Between Prophet or People. There is No SUPERIORITY OF A PROPHET or A NATION OVER ANOTHER. DISCRIMINATION IS A SIN. Torah Language (Hebrew):  “Ami” –My People (of Moses) – People of the Jewish Faith - THE FAMILY OF ISRAEL / (Jacob.)

FACTS & WORDS USURY PROHIBITION OF USURY:  Original Catholic Prohibition of Interest was Changed Slowly by Replacing Interest with the Word Usury or the Price of Using Money. “To take Interest / Usury for money lent is unjust in itself, because this is to sell what does not exist, and this evidently leads to inequality which is contrary to justice.” Prohibition of RIBA!!! DEFINITION OF USURY: CONTEMPORARY – EXCESSIVE INTEREST! ORIGINAL DEFINITION: The Catholic Church The Price of the Use Of The Thing is called USURY.

FACTS & WORDS DEFINITION OF USURY     Two Rights:  Right To Sell Title  &  Right To Sell Use Fungibles: Wheat or Apple: You can Transfer its Title By Selling – Giving the RIGHT TO Own You cannot Charge for the Use of It; Using It Destroys It. Non-Fungibles: Real Estate: Here TITLE can Be Transferred for a Price in a  Buy / Sell  Agreement: Moveable & Immoveable One can Charge for the Right To Use – Called USURY!!! HOWEVER, One Cannot Charge for the Right to Use Money – Because Money is A Thing!!!!! To take usury for money lent is unjust in itself, because this is to sell what does not exist, and this evidently leads to inequality which is contrary to justice (Original Teachings of The Old & New Testament) NOT MUCH DIFFERENT from Islam’s Position on RIBA

The Relaxation of Interest Prohibition in The Judeo-Christian Tradition HISTORY Through the First Millennium (CE): The Christian Church affirmed the Old Testament principle: Lending On Interest Was Disapproved, On The Continuing Presupposition That Lending Was An Aspect Of Care For The Needy. In Practice Lending On Interest Was Tolerated As Long As Rates Were Not Judged Excessive (Now Called Usury.) Where Christians Refused To Engage In Commercial Lending, Jewish Moneylenders Were Able To Fill The Vacuum On The Basis Of The Deuteronomy Permission To Charge Interest To Foreigners.

The Relaxation of Interest Prohibition in The Judeo-Christian Tradition HISTORY In The Second Millennium: Commerce Began To Develop In New Ways And The Practice Of Lending On Interest Became Prevalent, Initially Despite The Church’s Opposition. In Due Course, However, The Church Conformed Itself To The Secular Pattern And Provided A Theological Rationale For It.

The Relaxation of Interest Prohibition in The Catholic Tradition HISTORY In Fifteenth Century Italy: Public Pawnshops Developed With Franciscan’s Support To Offer Loans To The Poor On Interest But More Cheaply Than Those Offered By Regular Moneylenders, Charging A Very Low Interest Designed Simply To Cover Expenses. In 1516 The Fifth Lateran Council Approved These Practices. As Years Went By These Pawnshops Began Also To Lend For Commercial Purposes At Higher Rates.

The Relaxation of Interest Prohibition in The Judeo-Christian Tradition HISTORY John Calvin – 16th Century: PROTESTANT Removed The Ban On Lending At Interest, With Safeguards That Predictably Were Conveniently Forgotten  Feeling Unbound By The Course Of Discussion Within The Medieval Church And  Perceiving That The Old Testament Was Concerned With  Caring For The Poor And Not With Commercial Loans St. Thomas Aquinas: CATHOLIC In Due Course The Roman CATHOLIC CHURCH Also Removed Its Ban On Lending At Interest As The Capitalist World Developed, It Lost The Idea That The Point About Lending Is To Be Caring Towards The Needy.

The Relaxation of Interest Prohibition in The Judeo-Christian Tradition HISTORY In Victorian Britain: Attempted Revival Through development of the Co-operative and the Building Society movements.  In effect the customers of the Co-op were the shareholders, while building societies worked by attracting safe investments from people who hoped eventually to buy a house and lending the money to people who were already in a position to do so. Until A Generation Ago Anglican Clergy in England Were Encouraged to Retire As They had nowhere else to go.  When the church wanted to introduce compulsory retirement it had to solve this problem by lending them the money to buy a house—on interest (but a very low rate!).

PROHIBITION OF CHARGING INTEREST IN JUDAISM THE OLD TESTAMENT Teachings of Prophet Moses (s)

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Jewish Tradition The Source: ORIGINAL TORAH Exodus, chapter 22, and verses 24 – 26 24. “When you lend money to any of my people (AMI), to the poor among you, you shall not be to him as a creditor, nor shall you impose upon him any interest. 25. If you take your neighbor’s [night] garment a s a pledge (collateral), you shall return it to him by nightfall. 26. For that is his only covering; it is his garment for his skin. In what shall he sleep? And it shall come t pass, that if he cries our unto Me, I will hear it, for I am compassionate.”

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Jewish Tradition LENDING:  The General Jewish Biblical Attitude The Law is Based on the Important Word is “AMI”- my people – verse number 24. God specifically regards those in need of loans as being His special people, to whom He is very close. The lender should regard it as an honor to assist one of God’s people, and must conduct his/her affairs accordingly The phrase “ you shall not be to him as a creditor” is interpreted to mean that the lender is prohibited from reminding the borrower of his dependent status in any way. The Borrower is Beloved of God, and the Lender Must Bear this in Mind. Even a Facial Gesture on the Lender’s Part Can Constitute a Violation of This Prohibition.

Prohibition Against Taking Interest is The Most Concrete Expression of God’s Love for the Debtor in The Torah & Jewish Tradition The Torah: Rejects the Entire Notion of a LOAN as a Transaction that brings Benefit to the Lender. Rabbinical Interpretation Lender is Prohibited from Charging Interest, and The Borrower is Prohibited from Offering to Pay Interest. Halacha (Rabbinical Law): A Person who Either Lends, or Voluntarily Borrows on Interest is Disqualified from being a Witness in Court.

Interest in The Torah and Jewish Tradition Ruses and Deceptions (Heyal) To Expand the Definition of “Interest” Interest Can Include Considerations Aside from Cash (Bava Metzia, Chapter 5, Mishna 2): Gestures by which the Creditor Realizes Benefit from the Loan He/She Extended, and are Defined as “Interest” by Rabbinical Definition: ** It is prohibited to allow one’s creditor to live in and utilize one’s home or workplace rent-free. ** It is even prohibited for the debtor to offer space to his creditor at a discounted rent..

The Torah and The Jewish Tradition – LENDING TO NON-MEMBERS OF “AMI” The Permissibility of Lending with Interest to People Who Are Not Part of the Jewish Community -  Talmud (Bava Metzia 70b – 71a) , and the Post-Talmudic Rabbis 1. Moses Maimonidies, (Laws of Loans, chapter 5, law 2): It Is Permissible For A Jew To Charge Interest Of A Non-Jew ONLY When And In The Amount Necessary To Provide Himself With A Basic Living. It Is Prohibited For A Jew To Charge A Usurious Rate. 2. The Great Rabbis of Medieval France and Germany: Were More Permissive under Circumstances in which Jews were Barred from Most Professions, and Jewish communities were Singled out for Taxation Above the Ordinary Rates. (Commentary of Tosafot to Bava Metzia 70b)

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Jewish Tradition The Sixteenth Century Life Style:  Less Agrarian & More Commercial Problem: More Demand for Commercial Loans & Less Demand for Personal Loans (Prohibited by the Torah) Solution: “Heter Iska” Document Developed by Rabbis in Poland and Eastern Europe This document Attempted to Transform the Lender-Borrower Relationship into an Investment Relationship…SAME CONCEPT AS MUSHARAKA or JV.

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Jewish Tradition “Heter Iska” Document – Musharakah The Provider of Capital (loan) Becomes a Partner in the Venture that the Borrower will be Engaging In. The Provider will Share a Specified Percentage of the Realized Profits with the Borrower. Refined To Help Insure That The lender/investor would not be exposing himself to an unacceptable level of risk, To Ascertain That Some measure of return would be contractually guaranteed. This Technical Redefinition Of The Loan As An Investment Allowed Jewish Commercial Enterprises To Succeed Without Violating The Laws Of Interest. The “Heter Iska”  is in Common Use to This Day!

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Jewish Tradition INTEREST-FREE LOAN SOCIETIES Available in All Jewish Communities to Preserve both the Spirit and the Letter of the Laws of Interest. Often Administered by the Local Jewish Federations or Other Community-wide Organizations These Societies are Considered the True Embodiments of the Words of the Torah.

PROHIBITION OF CHARGING INTEREST IN CHRISTIANITY THE BIBLE Old Testament New Testament Teaching of Jesus (s) in Protestant Evangelical Church

Money, Lending and Interest in The Torah and The Protestant Evangelical Christian Tradition The Christian Bible Comprises:  The Jewish Scriptures, which Christians traditionally refer to as the Old Testament, and Then some writings that come from the period of Jesus and just afterwards, referred to as the New Testament: Mathew Mark Luke John

"THE NEW TESTAMENT:" THE NEW TESTAMENT: Confirms The Stance Of The Old Without Adding To It. EVANGELICAL PROTESTANT CHRISTIANS: ALL PEOPLE Moses’ Teaching as “Law”. Jesus’ Teaching Was More Radical Than Moses’. Moses’ Teaching About Loving One’s Neighbor Offers No Exemption If One’s Neighbor Is One’s Enemy And Specifically Requires One To Help One’s Enemy (Exodus 23:4-5). It Would Also Imply That One Should Not Hold Back From Lending Because The Needy Person Was One’s Enemy.

Money, Lending and Interest in The Protestant Evangelical Christian Tradition New Additions to The Jewish Law: Debtors would seek to work their way back to solvency By indentured labor — the equivalent to getting a job, rather than the norm of being self-employed. People who are Doing well are Expected to Lend Freely to the needy and to accept payment in the form of Labor, or of the Eventual Repayment of the Debt in Money that the Person had Earned thru Labor.

Money, Lending and Interest in The Evangelical Christian Tradition 3. A THIRD PASSAGE IN MOSES’ TEACHING: (Deuteronomy 23:19-20 [23:20-21 in Hebrew Bibles]). Makes Explicit That People Must Not Impose Interest On Any Form Of Loan, In Money Or In Kind. That Passage Also Makes Explicit That Israelites Are Permitted To Impose Interest In Lending To A Foreigner, Someone Who Is Not A Member Of The Family.  This Is An Example Of A Number Of Obligations That Did Not Apply To Foreigners. This exemption has been of considerable influence in encouraging Jewish people to be involved in the commercial world. ________________ “You shall not charge interest on loans to another Israelite, interest on money, interest on provisions, interest on anything that is lent.  On loans to a foreigner you may charge interest, but on loans to another Israelite you may not charge interest” (Deuteronomy 23:19-20 [23:20-21 in Hebrew Bibles]).

Money, Lending and Interest in The Protestant Evangelical Christian Tradition Beyond Moses’ Teachings – New Testament: Proverbs 28:8 promises that someone who makes a profit by lending at interest “gathers it for another who is kind to the poor”—i.e., they will not see the profit themselves.  It is a personal experience of something that the prophet Habakkuk envisages for the leading world power of its day. Psalm 15 asks the question, “LORD, who may abide in your tent?”—i.e., stay in your presence.  Its answer includes the general requirement of a life of integrity and truthfulness, and also some concrete expectations such as avoiding slander, keeping oaths, refusing bribes — and not lending money at interest. The prophet Ezekiel speaks in similar terms in listing obligations that people should fulfill if they wish God to treat them as righteous, such as not worshiping by means of images, defiling their neighbors’ wives, robbing people—or lending at interest (Ezekiel 18:8, 13, 17).

Money, Lending and Interest in The Protestant Evangelical Christian Tradition Beyond Moses’ Teachings – New Testament: Similar Issues Are Raised By Jesus’ “Sermon On The Mount”. In More Commercial Contexts And In A Competitive Situation People Might Charge Interest On Commercial Loans Without Infringing The Principle Underlying This Teaching.

Money, Lending and Interest in The Protestant Evangelical Christian Tradition THE NEW TESTAMENT Refers To Lending On Interest Only In The Context Of A Parable, About A Man Entrusting His Assets To His Servants (Matthew 25:27; Luke 19:23). JESUS Does Urge His Followers To Lend To Whoever Asks For A Loan (Matthew 5:42) And Makes Explicit That This Applies Even To Enemies And Applies Even If You Do Not Expect To Gain In Any Way From The Act (Luke 6:34-35). MACCABAEUS, A JEWISH WORK From About The Same Period, Which Some Christians Came To Treat As Near-canonical, Claims That When People Start Conforming Their Lives To Moses’ Teaching, Even If They Are By Nature Greedy They Start Lending To The Needy Without Charging Interest (2:8).

PROHIBITION OF CHARGING INTEREST IN CATHOLICISM THE BIBLE – Teaching of Jesus Old Testament New Testament The Catholic Church Position On Usury / Interest The Church Maintains That Usury Is Wrong; But Does Not Hold And Never Did Hold That All Charging Whatsoever Of Amounts Beyond The Principal Is Wrong. This Continuity In Condemning Usury Is Reflected In The First Universal Compendium Of Catholic Teaching In Over 400 Years, The Catechism Of The Catholic Church Written With The Input Of All The Bishops Of The Catholic Church And Published By The Authority Of John Paul II.

PROHIBITION OF CHARGING INTEREST IN CATHOLICISM The Christian Bible Comprises:  The Jewish Scriptures, which Christians traditionally refer to as the Old Testament, and Then some writings that come from the period of Jesus and just afterwards, referred to as the New Testament: Mathew Mark Luke John

Interest in the Catholic Tradition Introduction of Term USURY Condemned by: St. Ambrose (d.397), St. Jerome (d.420), St. Augustine (d.430), and Pope St. Leo the Great (d.461) characteristically in connection with taking advantage of the poor. Bishops condemned usury at the Council of Elivira (305 or 306), the council of Arles (314), and the First Council of Nicea (325). Several popes including Alexander III, Gregory IX, Urban III, Innocent III, and Clement V.

Interest in the Catholic Tradition: Then and Now Canon 13 of the Second Lateran Council (A. D. 1139) reads:   “Furthermore, we condemn that practice accounted despicable and blameworthy by divine and human laws, denounced by Scripture in the old and new Testaments, namely, the ferocious greed of usurers; and we sever them from every comfort of the church, forbidding any archbishop or bishop, or an abbot of any order whatever or anyone in clerical orders, to dare to receive usurers, unless they do so with extreme caution; but let them be held infamous throughout their whole lives and, unless they repent, be deprived of a Christian burial “

Interest in the Catholic Tradition The Church’s teaching on LENDING AT INTEREST likewise developed over time.  We might examine this development by taking another look at the teaching of AQUINAS on this matter. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274 writes in his most famous work, the Summa Theologiae, says that ‘to make money by usury is exceedingly unnatural.’” John Finnis In His Book Aquinas Notes That St. Thomas Aquinas (Oxford University Press, 1998) : Did not view money making as inherently wrong. It is wrong to make money simply for the sake of making money, as if money were the final end. Nothing objectionable with making money to sustaining a household, helping the poor, or for public benefit Trading is not wrong in itself.  The price of an item is fixed by the market demand for the product so long as both buyer and seller are aware of the product’s merits and defects.  A seller may not, however, take advantage of the need of a buyer.

Interest in the Catholic Tradition St. Thomas Aquinas Ruled That Charging Interest On A Loan Is Wrong. Aquinas assumes that money is a sterile, non-fungible commodity. LENDERS CANNOT CHARGE INTEREST ON LENDING EXCEPTIONS: (Finnis) Aquinas did not believe that in all circumstances the lender must extend a loan and receive ONLY exactly the same amount in return over and above the original amount of the loan. Aquinas Believed that the Lender May Require: Indemnity protection or insurance against loss or damage. Be repaid for expenses incurred in making the transaction Like Late-Payment or Extensions.

Interest in the Catholic Tradition Noonan notes: The contemporary Catholic Church does not abide by this teaching: “By 1750, then, the scholastic theory and the counter-theory, approaching the same problem form different theoretical viewpoints, agree in approving the common practice: of demanding interest on loans.” As Time Went On, The Majority Of Respected Catholic Theologians Approved Of Taking Interest On Loans. The Holy Office Did Not Condemn These Opinions And Confessors Were Not Obliged To Disturb Those Involved In The Practice.

Interest in the Catholic Tradition In 1917 Canon Law Required Catholic Institutions, Such As Hospitals, Schools, Or Universities To Invest Their Assets Profitably: There Has Undoubtedly Been A Change Between The Ancient Teachings Of The Fathers And The Contemporary Catholic Tradition. Is This Change A Simple Contradiction And Repudiation Of Past Belief?  Perhaps. Another Way Of Characterizing The Change, Namely As A Development Of Catholic Doctrine.

"What Rate Of Interest Should..." What Rate Of Interest Should Be Charged On A Loan?  To Whom Should One Loan? At What Level of Interest to Becomes Usury? Should Individuals In Need Be Offered Special Opportunities Or, As Some Would Call It, A Preferential Option? These questions, the Church Suggests can be answered as in (Matthew 25: 30-42) Come… inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you clothed me, I was sick and you visited me, I was in prison and you came to me.'  Then the righteous will answer him, 'Lord, when did we see thee hungry and feed thee, or thirsty and give thee drink?  And when did we see thee a stranger and welcome thee, or naked and clothe thee? And when did we see thee sick or in prison and visit thee?' And the King will answer them, 'Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brethren, you did it to me.'

CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY 1. Riba, which is Prohibited by The Islamic Faith, has also been Prohibited in:  Judaism – in the Torah, and  Christianity – in the Bible. 2. The Strict Codes of Prohibition were Relaxed to a Lesser Extent in Judaism Especially with the non-Members of the Jewish Community. 3. The Church – First the Protestant (John Calvin) and then the Catholic (St. Thomas Aquinas) Conformed Itself To The Secular Pattern And Provided A Theological Rationale For Charging Interest.

CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY Islamic Jurisprudence – Shari’aa  - Still Holds to The Original Position Of Prohibiting the Act of Renting the Use of Money at a Price called Ribbit in Judaism, Usury in Catholicism and Riba in Islam. It Applies to ALL. The ONLY Loan is a Qard Hassan – No Interest. Money is a Thing and One Cannot Charge for the Use of Money. A Tangible Asset Has to Change Hands in Order to Participate in The Rewards or The Loss. There are Efforts within the Islamic Finance Movement to use “Heyal” or Ruses & Deceptive Practices to Circumvent  the Shari’aa Exactly as was Done in other Abrahamic Faiths.

"Riba-Free Financial Services Presents..." Riba-Free Financial Services Presents the Emerging Muslims of North America with An Historic Opportunity to Work Together with Judeo-Christian N. America in order to Forge Ahead Towards Building a Judeo-Christian-Islamic America that Offers ALL People of All Faiths A New Riba-Free Life Style.

"THANK YOU"  THANK YOU www.LARIBA.com     www.WhittierBank.com     Dr. Yahia Abdul-Rahman   YARAHMAN@MSN.com     YARAHMAN@LARIBA.com +1-626-818-0855, +1-626–255–2181

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